Countries need short, medium, and long-term investmentplans for production growth and development. Differentsources for these investments can be supplied through retainedprofit, stock issuance, and bank loans, or a combination them. Institutions and firms need huge amount of capitals for theirsurvival, production, and also development of activities. In addition, these institutions and firms rely heavily on financialmarkets for self-Financing. The role of financial markets is toprovide the required capitals for institutions and firms. Financingstrategy is considered as one of the main areas of financialmanagement decisions in companies seeking to increase shareholders’ wealth. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to discussconventional methods of External Financing through debt andstock issuance and explain their associated advantages anddisadvantages.

This paper takes a novel perspective in analyzing theoretically how the sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) would impact on the sovereign risk, and thereby, the financial sector and, due to some frictions, the real sector of its owner economy. This happens as we suggest SWFs could help in mitigating the extant financial markets incompleteness. In a standard dynamic (continuous time) stochastic partial equilibrium model, it is shown how the SWFs would, under certain conditions, mitigate its owner sovereign risk, in which case it leads to the possibility of impacting on External Financing costs of financial intermediaries and corporate sector. In particular, we explore how the sensitivity of default and/or financial distress and/or debt restructuring against (domestic and/or foreign) adverse shocks to the economy would be less, when there is a SWF in the economy in comparison with when the economy lacks it. This is investigated for two sources of Financing the SWF. Further, we argue how the costs and benefits of establishing the SWF would be affected by the (relative) size of SWF, its type, and the state of the financial (surplus) capacity in time of setting up the SWF. The Externality associated with the establishment of the SWF for the sovereign risk and formation of the new channel for the transmission of monetary and fiscal policies have been examined too. Mutual interactions between the SWF and the monetary and fiscal policy within the analytical framework have been analyzed as well.

Ophthalmomyiasis is pathology of eye due to presence of fly larva, which rarely occurs in the world, and most cases has been reported in developing countries. These days incidence of Ophthalmomyiasis has been decreased in Iran. Most cases of Ophthalmomyiasis caused by presence of fly Larvae Oestrus Ovis.In summer 2011, a fourty year old rural woman with a good hygine presented to Ophthalmology department of Rouhani Hospital. She had no background of any disease.After physical examination External Ophthalmomyiasis was diagnosed. all seven larva has been removed, Topical antibiotic and corticosteroid were prescribed for daily use. Two days later in follow up the eye was asymptomatic.

Companies need many Financing resources for executing available investment projects, settlement of debt and pay dividend to stockholders. One of the main factors to be a successful company is determination of suitable Financing resource and making sound decision in this regard.The main objective of the present research is examining the relation between Financing method (External Financing) and successful of corporation in Tehran stock exchange during 1382-1386 and another objective is which Financing resources(share issuing, loan) has a higher impact on company prosperity. We have used two categories of information for studying the above mentioned objectives. The first is library studies, and the second is secondary data in the form of extracted financial information from financial statements of listed companies in Tehran stock exchange which were recognized as smoothers for 82-86 in two categories, the first is including the companies which used share issue and the second is including the companies used bank loan. Then the investigated companies in these two categories, based on their stock return are categorized in two classes successful and unsuccessful. We have tested statistically our research main hypothesis that was a confirmation on the existence of a meaningful relationship between Financing method and companies' successful.in conclusion of this research we realized that the share issuing method has a higher impact on successful companies in comparison with loan Financing method.

Employment needs new entrepreneurship and investments, which can be fulfilled by the financial sector. Since job creation has a critical role in developing countries, it is essential to identify the activities that can provide stable employment based on micro-funds. Labor-intensive and capital-saving technologies are the most outstanding components of the cultural sector, especially handicrafts. Thus, the cultural sector has great potentials for job creation, and its rapid growth in recent decades has made policymakers highly regard this sector. At both national and provincial levels, this paper examines the relationship between External Financing and women entrepreneurship with regard to cultural employment. The research benefits from the data about the loans granted by 6575 Melli banks in Iran to finance handicraft activities in 28 provinces during 2005-2014. The results show that employment in the cultural sector has been positively and significantly influenced by External Financing. Also, estimations reveal that regional investments and economic growth cannot increase cultural employment, which may be caused by a bias toward capital-using. Distinctively, evidence on gender indicates that, despite the lower per capita loans given to female entrepreneurs, they have had a positive effect on cultural employment in some provinces.

Financing is the main problem of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) and of course their main Financing source is bank facilities in our economy. Thus, the purpose of this study is to consider the dynamic interactions of effective variables and also internal and External problems in Financing via heuristic approach and by using system dynamics method. Research systemic model and causal variables– with regards to the literature review and Khodabakhshian et al (2013) study- are developed, modeled, simulated and analyzed by this approach and applying Vensim DSS software. The overall results of this study shows, increasing ease of access to loans and business plan quality can increase privatization rate, banks financial resources and lending to SMEs and decrease corruption. It also shows, increasing the revenue and SMEs' cash flows will follow increasing loan repayment probability and decreasing bad debts.

This study aimed to identify the most effective Financing model by analyzing the internal and External factors influencing companies. We compiled data from 159 companies spanning 2012 to 2021, encompassing 1,590 company-years, to test 14 hypotheses. These hypotheses were evaluated using Structural Equations Modeling (SEM) with SmartPLS4 software across 3 distinct models. The Financing model was categorized into 3 components: internal Financing, short-term External Financing, and long-term External Financing. The findings revealed that the following factors significantly impacted all three types of Financing: 1) Board of Directors’ characteristics; 2) Audit characteristics; 3) Internal control characteristics; 4) Ownership structure; 5) Managerial characteristics; 6) Financial reporting quality; 7) Financial performance; 8) Market performance; 9) Investment efficiency; 10) Competitive strategies; 11) Corporate social responsibility; 12) Political communication; 13) Economic uncertainty; and 14) Firm characteristics. Notably, economic uncertainty was found to exert a negative and significant effect on Financing across all three dimensions, while the other variables positively facilitated company Financing. Furthermore, the analysis indicated that the selected structures had greater explanatory power for long-term Financing compared to internal and short-term Financing as evidenced by the determination coefficients of all three models.

In order for the municipality to finance its current and developmental needs, it would resort to the internal (operational income, public budget, savings, etc.) as well as the External resources. Internal financial resources of the municipality are not usually sufficient to enable the municipality to run urban projects which are vital for the city; therefore, the municipality is forced to finance the projects via transacting with the financial system External to its routine resources. Municipalities, in order to finance its projects and plans, obtain the required credit from financial institutes which are active in financial markets, e.g. banks, to ease their financial issues. The cash thus obtained is used for current operations and development, so an income is gained or a service is provided in the city. The current research aims at investigating into the interaction between municipality and the financial system so that the role of External Financing and the efficiency whereof could be probed. Due to the limitations to collect the required data, comparisons were made between Tehran municipality and those in other countries for a period of years (8001-8022). The results show that Tehran municipality, comparing with its counterparts, has significantly lesser used External Financing in its projects and that there are necessities and preconditions for utilizing External Financing for urban projects in areas such as transportation and urban services. External Financing for urban projects has long-term benefit for the municipality of Tehran.